Universal Waste

Question Regarding Containers for Universal Waste Lamps

From a past attendee of one of my Training Seminars – now defunct – on May 19, 2015:

Dan,

I seem to recall hearing that the EPA does not like the telescoping boxes for used lamps.  I can only assume this is because the container may not meet the definition of “closed.” Has EPA given any written interpretation on this? Or better yet, do you know of a better method for storing 8-ft used fluorescent lamps that is better than standard 8-ft lamp boxes, is easier to access, and meets the closure rule?

Thanks,

My reply later that same day:

I have not heard anything like that from USEPA or any state.  I confess, though that I am not certain of what you mean by “telescoping boxes”.  USEPA regulations at 40 CFR 273.13(d) read as follows (emphasis mine):

(d) Lamps. A small quantity handler of universal waste must manage lamps in a way that prevents releases of any universal waste or component of a universal waste to the environment, as follows:
(1) A small quantity handler of universal waste must contain any lamp in containers or packages that are structurally sound, adequate to prevent breakage, and compatible with the contents of the lamps. Such containers and packages must remain closed and must lack evidence of leakage, spillage or damage that could cause leakage under reasonably foreseeable conditions.
(2) A small quantity handler of universal waste must immediately clean up and place in a container any lamp that is broken and must place in a container any lamp that shows evidence of breakage, leakage, or damage that could cause the release of mercury or other hazardous constituents to the environment. Containers must be closed, structurally sound, compatible with the contents of the lamps and must lack evidence of leakage, spillage or damage that could cause leakage or releases of mercury or other hazardous constituents to the environment under reasonably foreseeable conditions.

Any container should do for the on-site accumulation of universal waste lamps as long as it complies with the general requirements cited above.
I have seen facilities – not that this means they were in compliance, but I think it would be OK – using PVC piping cut to length (~9 ft), sealed on one end and fitted with a removable cap on the other.
I hope this helps.
Please don’t hesitate to contact me with any other questions.
Dan
My inquirer provides additional information (May 20, 2015):

Dan,

Thanks for the response. A telescoping box is essentially 2 boxes that interlock onto each other and adjust to the length of the item stored. For an example see following link:

http://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/S-4983/Corrugated-Boxes-200-Test/12-x-12-x-48-90-2-piece-Telescopic-Tall-Boxes

Uline packaging for fluorescent lamps

May 20, 2015, I provide the best answer I could:

OK.  I took a look at the telescoping boxes, and it appears OK to me.  I think you are OK as long as you comply with 40 CFR 273.13(d) unless an inspector tells you different.

Dan
It took him a while to reply, but on June 24, 2015:

Dan,

Yes that’s fine. Another question…

Well, that other question will be used in an article to follow later.

Though Handlers of universal waste are not require to “train” their employees the same way they are to train hazardous waste personnel, it is not a bad idea to provide some type of training on how to handler universal waste and what to do in the event of a spill or other emergency.  This is what I do in my Onsite Training for Hazardous Waste Personnel.

Contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste

Daniels Training Services

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

Labeling Universal Waste Containers for On-Site Storage

Both large quantity handlers and small quantity handlers of universal waste are required to identify the universal waste by one of three options:

  • Universal Waste
  • Waste
  • Used

The name of the universal waste that follows will depend on its type.  The USEPA identifies four universal waste categories, they are:

Improper disposal of universal waste lamps

Does this look like proper management of a Universal Waste?

  • Lamps
  • Batteries
  • Mercury Containing Devices
  • Recalled or Cancelled Pesticides

Daniels Training Services

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

The labeling requirements of the first three are relatively simple (eg. “Waste Batteries” or “Universal Waste Lamps” or “Used Mercury Containing Devices” &etc.).  The labeling of Recalled or Cancelled Pesticides is more challenging, if interested I recommend you read:  Identification and Management of Universal Waste (slides 50-56).

Many states have added to this list of universal wastes, however I have found the labeling requirements to remain the same as these.  Please check with your state to be sure.

You can be sure that the following examples are all a violation of Federal and State regulations:

  • “Bad Batteries”
  • “Spent Lamps”
  • “Batteries for Recycling”
  • And any other that isn’t one of the allowed options.

Since universal wastes have an on-site accumulation time limit of one year – and perhaps longer if necessary to facilitate disposal, confirm this with your state – you must indicate the date of initial accumulation in order to demonstrate the amount of time the universal waste has been on-site.

So, that’s two things that must be communicated:

  1. The name of the universal waste.
  2. Its date of initial accumulation.
The question remains, “How?”

Answering that question is the purpose of this article. (more…)

What’s Wrong With This Picture? Errors Made by Generators of Universal Waste

The universal waste regulations of the USEPA provide an option for generators of certain hazardous waste to manage them according to a lower regulatory standard:  The Universal Waste Regulations.  To take advantage of this “de-regulation” of a hazardous waste, generators need only comply with some basic regulations pertaining to its onsite management and off-site disposal.  You can learn more about the management of Universal Waste from my article:  The Universal Waste Option for the Management of Hazardous Waste.

The USEPA hazardous waste currently eligible for the Universal Waste option are:

  • Lamps
  • Batteries
  • Mercury-Containing Devices
  • Recalled or Canceled Pesticides

While states may differ in what they identify as a Universal Waste and in some of the on-site management requirements, they all agree that Universal Waste must be sent for disposal or recycling to a Universal Waste Destination Facility.  A business can not simply throw Universal Waste in the trash with its regular garbage.

Improper disposal of universal waste lamps

Does this look like proper management of a Universal Waste?

 

**NOTE:  It may be possible for a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator of hazardous waste or a homeowner to send its Universal Waste to a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill for disposal with its regular trash or garbage.  However, this is not recommended and some states out-right ban the landfill disposal of fluorescent lamps.

Not sure of your hazardous waste generator status?

Take this short survey

Whatever your hazardous waste generator status or your status as a handler of universal waste, you and your employees will benefit from some form of my training services.  Please contact me to discuss the best training option for you:

The Management of Universal Waste in Wisconsin

Clean up of Broken Fluorescent Lamps

If you have ever handled a fluorescent lamp you know how fragile they are and how easy it is to break one.  I myself have a – rather embarrassing – memory of dropping a box of approximately thirty 4′ long lamps from the height of 1 1/2 feet.  The nearly simultaneous explosion of all of those bulbs caused the box to swell outwards (luckily it held) and then compress in on itself due to the vacuum created.  I was lucky that neither I nor anyone else was hurt.  Lesson learned.  But what about cleaning up the mess?  In order to minimize the risk of mercury exposure (or other hazards that may be present such as lead), please follow these steps: (more…)

The Identification and Management of Universal Waste in Kentucky and Ohio

HOUSEHOLD MEDICATION DISPOSAL EVENT AT THE STATE CAPITOL – TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 2013

Summer is moving fast and the Michigan Pharmacists Association (MPA) annual medication collection at the Capitol is upon us again. Clean out your medicine cabinet and bring your unused,
unwanted, or expired household medications to the south Capitol lawn for safe disposal on Tuesday, September 10th from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. If you are short of time, utilize the drop off tent on the east Capitol lawn at the intersection of Capitol Avenue and Michigan Avenue.

Items accepted include: controlled substances, narcotics, over-the counter medications, prescription medications, eye drops, inhalers, insulin, medicated ointments/lotions, medication samples, including pet medications, and vitamins/supplements from your home.

Items not accepted include: waste medications from businesses, medical waste (infectious sharps, needles, and syringes), or medications that are a hazardous waste or a hazardous drug (chemotherapy medications).

To hear more about the joint efforts to ensure safe drug disposal, preserve our drinking water, and prevent drug abuse, join us for the press conference at 11 a.m. on September 10th. To locate other medication collection locations, please see the Remedy for Residential Drug Disposal Brochure. For more information on this event, please contact the DEQ’s Environmental Assistance Center at 800-662-9278 or deq-assist@michigan.gov.

Fortunately for businesses that are not able to take advantage of this program, pharmaceuticals are a Universal Waste in Michigan.  Under the regulations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Universal Wastes may be managed at a lower level of regulatory responsibility.  View this short presentation in order to learn more about the management of Universal Waste in Michigan.

Executive Recycling Company And Executives Sentenced For Fraud And International Environmental Crimes

July 23, 2013

DENVER – Executive Recycling, Inc. (a corporation) and Brandon Richter, age 38, of Highlands Ranch, Colorado, the owner and chief executive officer of Executive Recycling, were sentenced today by U.S. District Court Judge William J. Martinez for their roles in a fraudulent scheme related to the disposal and exportation of electronic waste to foreign countries, announced United States Attorney John Walsh, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Special Agent in Charge Kumar Kibble and EPA Criminal Investigation Division Special Agent in Charge Jeffrey Martinez.  Executive Recycling, the corporation, was sentenced to pay a $4,500,000 fine and serve 3 years on probation.  Richter was ordered to serve 30 months in federal prison, followed by 3 years on supervised release.  Judge Martinez also ordered Richter to pay a $7,500 fine and $70,144 in restitution joint and several with the victims of the crime.  Richter was ordered to report to a Bureau of Prisons facility within 15 days of designation.  Judge Martinez also ordered $142,241.10 in asset forfeiture.

The defendants were convicted in December 2012 of multiple counts of mail and wire fraud and environmental crimes related to the illegal disposal of electronic waste, smuggling, and obstruction of justice, following an 11-day trial.

Last week former vice president of operations, Tor Olson, age 38, of Parker, Colorado, was sentenced to serve 14 months in prison, pay a $5,000 fine, and pay over $15,000 in restitution.  Olson remains free on bond pending appeal.

Executive Recycling, Inc., as a corporation, Brandon Richter and Tor Olson were indicted by a federal grand jury in Denver on September 15, 2011. The jury trial before Judge Martinez began on December 3, 2012. The jury reached their verdict on December 21, 2012.  Olson was sentenced on July 17, 2013.

According to the indictment, as well as the facts presented at trial, Executive Recycling was an electronic waste recycling business located in Englewood, Colorado with affiliated locations in Utah and Nebraska. The company collected electronic waste from private households, businesses, and government entities. Executive Recycling was registered with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment as a “Large Quantity Handler of Universal Waste.” Richter, as owner and CEO, was responsible for supervising all aspects of the company. Olson, the vice president of operations, was responsible for running day-to-day operations.

Universal Waste

Click here to learn more about the universal waste regulations

A significant portion of electronic waste collected by the defendants were Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs). CRTs are the glass video display component of an electronic device, usually a computer or television monitor, and are known to contain lead. The defendants engaged in the practice of exporting electronic waste, including CRTs, from the United States to foreign countries, including the People’s Republic of China. The defendants regularly negotiated the sale of electronic waste to brokers who represented foreign buyers or who sold the electronic waste overseas. The foreign buyers often paid the defendants directly. To transport the electronic waste, the defendants used shipping cargo containers which were loaded at the company’s facility. The containers were then transported by rail to domestic ports for export overseas.

Executive Recycling appeared as the exporter of record in over 300 exports from the United States between 2005 and 2008. Approximately 160 of these exported cargo containers contained a total of more than 100,000 CRTs.

Between February 2005 and continuing through January 2009, the defendants knowingly devised and intended to devise a scheme to defraud various business and government entities who wanted to dispose of their electronic waste, and to obtain these business and government entities’ money by means of materially false and fraudulent pretenses. The defendants represented themselves on a website to have “extensive knowledge of current EPA requirements.” The defendants falsely advertised to customers that they would dispose of electronic waste in compliance with all local, state and federal laws and regulations. It was part of the scheme that the defendants falsely represented that they would dispose of all electronic waste, whether hazardous or not, in an environmentally friendly manner. Specifically, the defendants falsely represented that the defendant company recycled electronic waste “properly, right here in the U.S.” They also stated that they would not send the electronic waste overseas.

The defendants’ misrepresentation induced customers to enter into contracts or agreements with the defendants for electronic waste disposal. Each victim paid the defendants to recycle their electronic waste in accordance with the representations made by the defendants. Contrary to their representations, the defendants sold the electronic waste they received from customers to brokers for export overseas to the People’s Republic of China and other countries.

“The defendants in this case not only caused actual harm to the environment by shipping electronic waste overseas for dumping, they defrauded their customers by falsely claiming to be disposing of that waste in an environmentally safe way,” said U.S. Attorney John Walsh.  “As cases like this one show, federal investigators and the U.S. Attorney’s Office can and will reach beyond our country’s borders to investigate crime and prosecute wrongdoers.”

“This prison sentence and fine awarded to this CEO demonstrate that there are no shortcuts to following U.S. export laws,” said Kumar Kibble, special agent in charge of HSI Denver.  “This CEO also intentionally deceived the public for years by falsely advertising an environmentally friendly recycling business plan within the United States.  Instead, he regularly exported tons of obsolete and discarded electronic equipment containing toxic materials to third-world countries, and took actions to illegally hide these practices from government officials.”

“The defendants claimed to safely recycle e-waste in the U.S., but regularly exported obsolete and discarded electronic equipment with toxic materials to third-world countries,” said Jeff Martinez, Special Agent in Charge of EPA’s criminal enforcement office in Colorado.  “Pollution and greed respect no boundaries and EPA is committed to combating the illegal traffic of e-waste, which poses particularly significant environmental health risks in developing countries.”

This case was investigated by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), the Environmental Protection Agency Criminal Investigation Division and the Colorado Attorney General’s Office, Special Prosecutions Unit.

The defendants were prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorneys Suneeta Hazra and Valeria Spencer and Special Assistant U.S. Attorney Lillian Alves.

Use caution when selecting a company to handle your universal waste, hazardous waste, or used oil.  Their crimes could lead to your headaches.

Options Under RCRA for Crushing Spent or Used Lamps

It can be safely assumed that every residential, commercial, and residential structure in the US generates some kind of spent lamp or bulb during its operation.  Disposal of these lamps or bulbs is regulated by both Federal USEPA and state authority under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).  Exactly how they are regulated depends on many factors and some options that are within your power to choose.  If you wish to crush lamps as a means to reduce volume and save off-site disposal costs, you must take into consideration all of the applicable regulations and select your management options with care.  This article will summarize the regulatory requirements and options for a facility that wishes to crush its spent or used lamps.

If your facility contains any of the following lamps you must take these RCRA regulations into consideration for their disposal:

  • Fluorescent
  • High Intensity Discharge (HID)
  • Neon
  • Sodium vapor
  • Mercury vapor
  • Metal halide
  • Incandescent
  • And more
Question #1:  Are you a large quantity generator or a small quantity generator of hazardous waste and will the lamp be managed as a hazardous waste?

Many of the lamps listed above may exhibit the hazardous characteristic of Toxicity for either Lead (D008) or Mercury (D009).  If this is the case you may choose to use the universal waste option (see #3) or you may manage them as a hazardous waste.  The crushing of hazardous waste lamps as an LQG or SQG is a form of hazardous waste treatment as defined at 40 CFR 260.10 that requires a permit unless an exclusion from regulation is available.  Two possible options for crushing hazardous waste lamps without a permit are:

  • The use of a Drum-Top Crusher (DTC) if operated correctly on a container in a 90-day (if LQG) or 180-day (if SQG) accumulation area.
  • Crushed lamps destined for recycling may – and that’s a big “may” – be eligible for the scrap metal exemption under RCRA.  If so, the crushing is viewed as just another step in the exempt recycling process.  Be sure to check with your lamp recycler to ensure they will accept them crushed.
Question #2:  Are you a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator of hazardous waste?

A CESQG is exempt from compliance with the majority of RCRA regulations with which an LQG or SQG must comply [40 CFR 215.5(b)].  Therefore, a CESQG may dispose of its spent lamps in a municipal solid waste landfill with its regular trash and the crushing of lamps will not be an issue.  This option will require further research since your state may not allow for disposal of hazardous lamps at a MSW landfill and the landfill may object for reasons of its own.

Question #3:  Is the lamp a hazardous waste and will it be managed as a universal waste per 40 CFR 273?  Hazardous waste generator status does not matter.

Since January of 2000 facilities have had the option to manage lamps that are a hazardous waste as a universal waste.  The crushing of universal waste lamps is not expressly forbidden nor allowed by Federal USEPA regulations.

Most states that I am familiar with however, forbid the crushing of universal waste lamps, or strongly discourage it.  Once, after a long discussion with an official of a not-to-be-named state she conceded that the state’s universal waste regulations did not forbid the crushing of lamps.  However, she followed up our conversation with an email which clearly stated that while not forbidden by regulation, the state, strongly discouraged” the crushing of universal waste lamps.  I took that to mean, “Don’t do it!”

Refer to Table 1 for that status of lamp crushing in your state.

Table 1.  Does your state allow for the deliberate crushing of universal waste lamps by a small quantity handler or large quantity handler?

State

Reference to State Regulation/Guidance/Policy re. Deliberate Crushing of Lamps

Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado  Allowed with conditions.  Crushed lamps may be managed as a universal waste.  6 CCR 1007-3 273.13(e) for small quantity handler and §273.33(e) for large quantity handler.
Connecticut
Delaware  Per Bethany Fiske of DNREC:The deliberate crushing of lamps by a universal waste handler is not forbidden, though it is “strongly discouraged” due to concerns of worker exposure to mercury.  The crushing of a universal waste lamp results in the generation of a hazardous waste and all applicable regulatory requirements.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois

Allowed with conditions.

35 IAC 733.113(d)(3) for Small Quantity Handler & §733.133(d)(3) Large Quantity Handler

Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana

Not allowed.

LDEQ letter of 12/6/2000 to Mr. Art Shilling

Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma  Deliberate crushing of lamps is considered to be treatment of a hazardous waste.
Oregon
Pennsylvania Does PA allow the use of commercial drum-top bulb crushers for spent fluorescent lamps? Not at this time. The federal regulations prohibit the use of bulb crushers without a permit and PA incorporates those regulations. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury that is very pervasive throughout the environment. If the drum-top crushers receive federal approval, PA will consider their use.  More…
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin

Strongly discouraged by WDNR but allowed if legitimately recycled as a hazardous waste

Wyoming

Be sure to check with your state to determine its position on the deliberate crushing of universal waste lamps.

Question #4:  Are the lamps a non-hazardous waste?  Hazardous waste generator status does not matter.

Manufacturers have been able to make lamps that when analyzed by TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure) they are not found to be a characteristic toxic hazardous waste.  If you are able to determine this is the case with your lamps, then they may be disposed of in a municipal solid waste landfill.  The problem is that though the lamps pass TCLP and are not a hazardous waste, they still may contain Mercury or Lead.  Disposal of these lamps in a MSW landfill instead of in a RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste landfill therefore, is not the “Green Choice”.

If you intend to crush your spent lamps, either as a hazardous waste or as a universal waste if allowed by your state, be sure to read this article about a study conducted on the mercury emissions from Drum Top Crushers.

Be certain to consider all the options before you decide on the best management option for your spent or used lamps.  At my Training Seminars I cover the universal waste regulations, hazardous waste generator status (LQG, SQG, or CESQG), generator treatment of hazardous waste, and a whole lot more.  I also cover the USDOT regulations for a HazMat Employee.

 

The Identification and Management of Universal Waste in Iowa and Illinois