RCRA Hazardous Waste Regulations

Preparedness, Prevention, and Emergency Procedures for Small Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste

Preparedness, Prevention, and Emergency Procedures for Small Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste

Both large quantity generators (LQG) and small quantity generators (SQG) of hazardous waste are required by federal regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to take certain measures and have available certain equipment in order to prevent hazardous waste emergencies from occurring and to be prepared to respond to them if they do.  In the past the Preparedness and Prevention regulations for both LQG and SQG were the same and were found at 40 CFR 265, subpart C.

Spill of Hazardous WasteThe Generator Improvements Rule made some changes to these regulations.

  • Moved them from their former location for both LQG and SQG to distinct locations for each generator.
  • Made several revisions to the regulations applicable to both LQG and SQG.

In an earlier series of articles I identified and explained the requirements of 40 CFR 265, subpart C Preparedness and Prevention for a LQG and SQG prior to the Generator Improvements Rule.  All of those articles are summarized here.  You may also research the requirements of 40 CFR 265, subpart D Contingency plan and emergency procedures (applicable solely to a LQG) here.  If your state has not yet adopted the Generator Improvements Rule, then these regulations are still applicable to your facility.

The purpose of this article is to provide one source for the series of articles I will write identifying and explaining the requirements of 40 CFR 262.16(b)(8) for preparedness and prevention and those of §262.16(b)(9) for emergency procedures at a small quantity generator of hazardous waste.

How these regulations apply to a large quantity generator of hazardous waste  – found at 40 CFR 262, subpart M from a referral at §262.17(a)(6) – are addressed in this article:  Preparedness, Prevention, and Emergency Procedures for Large Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste

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The Requirements of 40 CFR 262.16(b)(8)(vi) Arrangements with Local Authorities for Small Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste

The Requirements of 40 CFR 262.16(b)(8)(vi) Arrangements with Local Authorities for Small Quantity Generator of Hazardous Waste

Federal regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) require a small quantity generator of hazardous waste (SQG) to maintain equipment and processes to prevent a hazardous waste emergency and to respond to it if one occurs.  The regulations are found in the following SQG conditions for exemption:

  • 40 CFR 262.16(b)(8) Preparedness and prevention
  • 40 CFR 262.16(b)(9) Emergency procedures

This article is the sixth in a series that closely examines and explains these regulations.

In the previous article in this series I addressed the requirements of 40 CFR 262.16(b)(8)(v) Required Aisle Space for a Small Quantity Generator

The purpose of this article:  40 CFR 262.16(b)(8)(vi) Arrangements with local authorities. (more…)

Q&A: How do I determine the characteristic of toxicity for a liquid waste?

A question May 04, 2018:

can tclp 20 x rule be used for liquid waste or is it only for solid?

My reply May 08, 2018:

Thank you for contacting me.  I will try to answer your question below.

  • Neither TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure) nor the “Rule of 20” may be used on a liquid waste for the purpose of determining the characteristic of toxicity.
  • The point of TCLP analysis is to extract a leachate from a representative solid sample of waste and determine the concentration of specified toxins in the liquid.
  • Regulated toxins are identified by USEPA in Table 1 of 40 CFR 261.24(b).  They include:
    • Arsenic (D004)
    • Lead (D008)
    • 2,4-D (D016)
    • Lindane (D013)
    • Silver (D011)
    • Toxaphene (D015)
    • 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (D042)
    • More…

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  • The “Rule of 20” (I believe this is what the questioner meant by “20 x rule”) is a less expensive option than TCLP for analysis to determine a characteristic of toxicity for a solid.  The procedure for using the Rule of 20 on a solid sample is briefly summarized as follows:Lab personnel
    • Analyze to determine the total concentration of regulated toxin(s) in the sample.
    • The total results are then divided by 20 to determine the Maximum Theoretical Leachate Concentration (MTLC).
    • The MTLC is compared to the regulatory threshold of the toxin(s) at §261.24.
    • If the MTLC does not equal or exceed the regulatory thresholds, then the sample cannot exhibit the characteristic of Toxicity.
  • A liquid sample of a waste is analyzed directly for the total concentration of toxins.  The total results are compared directly to the regulatory thresholds to determine if it exhibits the characteristic of Toxicity.
  • To better understand the Rule of 20, Please read:  How to Determine the Toxicity Hazardous Waste Characteristic Without TCLP

I hope this helps.  Please contact me with any other questions.

Contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste

Daniels Training Services, Inc.

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

Conclusion:

Analysis of a sample to determine the characteristic of Toxicity is just one step in the responsibility of a hazardous waste generator to conduct a hazardous waste determination.  Using the Rule of 20 can save you a lot of money in lab costs.  Contact me to determine if there are any other methods available to you to save money and ensure compliance.

FAQ: What – if any – liquid waste are acceptable for disposal at a MSWLF?

In an earlier article I wrote about the ban on free liquids in waste disposed of in a landfill, read:  Generator Ban on Liquids in Landfills Under the Generator Improvements Rule.  A ban on liquid disposal in landfills is nothing new, it has been in place since the inception of RCRA regulations in 1980.  However, a recent rule-change: the Generator Improvements Rule, expanded the responsibility for keeping liquids out of landfill from solely the landfill operator to the hazardous waste generator.

Left unchanged by the new rule, the ban on free liquids applies to both hazardous waste landfills and non-hazardous waste landfills, including a landfill designed primarily for disposal of household waste: the municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF).

But saying, “no disposal of any and all free liquids in a MSWLF” is not accurate.  Some liquids are OK in a MSWLF.  These are codified at 40 CFR 258.28 and explained below.

Before we begin:
  • Liquid waste is any waste material that is determined to contain free liquids as defined by Method 9095 (Paint Filter Liquids Test), as described in Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).
  • Gas condensate means the liquid generated as a result of gas recovery processe(es) at the MSWLF unit (§258.28(c)).

Contact me the next time hazardous waste generator USEPA training is due to expire.

Unacceptable at a MSWLF:

Unlike hazardous waste landfills, a MSWLF is not allowed to accept bulk or non-containerized waste (liquid or solid) except the following:

  • Household waste (excluding septic waste).
  • Leachate or gas condensate derived from the MSWLF and the MSWLF is designed with a composite liner and leachate collection system per §258.40(a)(2).  MSWLF must keep a record of its compliance with these regulations and notify its state.
  • The MSWLF is a Project XL MSWLF and complies with §258.41. MSWLF must keep a record of its compliance with these regulations and notify its state.
The Ban on Free Liquids in a MSWLF (sorta):

Containers holding liquid waste may not be placed in a MSWLF.

Unless…

  • The container is a small container similar in size to that normally found in household waste.
  • The container is designed to hold liquids for use other than storage.  e.g., a battery or capacitor.
  • The waste is a household waste.

Daniels Training Services, Inc.

815.821.1550

                    Info@DanielsTraining.com

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Conclusion:

Why does this matter to you?  Good question.  Likely your interest is limited to that of a business or government agency and its responsibility under the hazardous waste regulations of the USEPA or your state.  You may not be interested in the regulations applicable to a municipal solid waste landfill and household waste, but you should be.  Because a MSWLF may also receive other types of nonhazardous wastes, such as commercial solid waste, nonhazardous sludge, very small quantity generator waste, and industrial nonhazardous solid waste.

If there are free liquids in your waste destined for disposal in a MSWLF, you must get them out.  You may do this by decanting the liquid so no free-standing (i.e. visible) liquid remains or you may use sorbents to remove any free liquids.

Please contact me if you have any questions about the generation, management, and disposal of waste.

Generator Ban on Liquids in Landfills Under the Generator Improvements Rule

Generator Ban on Liquids in Landfills Under the Generator Improvements Rule

Since its beginning, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) has prohibited the landfill disposal of waste containing free liquids – with some narrowly defined exceptions per RCRA section 3004(c).  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) codified this prohibition as follows:

  • 40 CFR 258.28 for municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLFs).
  • 40 CFR 264.314 for permitted hazardous waste landfills.
  • 40 CFR 265.314 for interim status hazardous waste landfills.

So, a ban on free liquids in landfills is nothing new.  What is new:  under the Generator Improvements Rule, the prohibition now also applies to hazardous waste generators.  The purpose of this article is to explain the prohibition on landfill disposal of free liquids in hazardous waste landfills now applicable to hazardous waste generators. (more…)

U.S. Navy to pay $23,700 Penalty for Improper Management of Hazardous Waste

The Bullet:

Federal facility (U.S. Navy) found to be in violation of USEPA regulations.  Settlement reached with monetary penalty.

Who:
  • USEPA Region 9 Pacific Southwest Region.  CONTACT:  Soledad Calvino (News Media Only) / calvino.maria@epa.gov / 415-972-3512
  • Department of the Navy
What:
  • Operations at the facility include:
    • Research and development of explosive materials and weapons
    • Aircraft maintenance
    • Facilities maintenance operations
    • Metal fabrication operations
    • Storage of hazardous materials and waste.
  • Under the agreement the federal facility will pay a $23,700 penalty.
  • The facility has resolved the identified violations and is now in compliance with the RCRA requirements.
Where:

The Naval Air Weapons Station – China Lake is in the Western Mojave Desert region of California, approximately 150 miles north of Los Angeles.

When:
Why:
  • EPA’s 2018 inspections of the facility identified violations of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.
  • Violations identified during the inspection included:
    • Failure to comply with a permit condition that requires deteriorating containers to be replaced or put inside larger containers in good condition at the point of generation.
    • Failure to keep hazardous waste containers closed.
    • Failure to properly manage universal wastes.
How:

The Federal Facilities Compliance Act (FFCA) of 1992 expanded the reach of RCRA to include Federal facilities within the Executive branch of the U.S. government.

Conclusion:

“It is critical for federal agencies to comply with laws that protect public health and our natural resources,” said EPA Pacific Southwest Regional Administrator Mike Stoker. “This agreement will bring the Department of the Navy into compliance with hazardous waste laws and help minimize the potential for hazardous waste releases to the environment.”

It may come as a surprise to some, but public institutions – Federal, state, & local – even the U.S. Navy! is subject to USEPA’s hazardous waste regulations.  If you work at or for a public facility make certain your operations comply with Federal and state regulations for the management of waste.  My Hazardous Waste Personnel training is a good way to learn the regulations, inform your employees, and meet the regulatory requirements to provide training.

FAQ: What are the tests required by USEPA to indicate a nonbiodegradable sorbent for treatment of free liquids prior to landfill disposal?

Here’s another example of where I ask and answer my own ‘Frequently Asked Question’. The answer is found in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations at 40 CFR 264.314(d)(2) for permitted Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) and §265.314(e)(2) for interim status TSDFs.  If you’re curious about the difference between a permitted TSDF and an interim status TSDF (and you needn’t be), you can read about it here:  What’s the difference between a permitted TSDF (40 CFR Part 264) and an interim status TSDF (40 CFR Part 265).

A sorbent used to treat – i.e., remove – free liquids from a waste prior to disposal in a hazardous waste landfill must be nonbiodegradable.  Nonbiodegradable sorbents are one of the following:

Or…

  • Able to pass one of the tests specified by USEPA at either §264.314(d)(2) or §265.314(e)(2).  A sorbent material may be determined to be nonbiodegradable under any one of the following:
    • ASTM Method G21-70 (1984a)-Standard Practice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic polymer materials to Fungi.
    • ASTM Method G22-76 (1984b)-Standard Practice for Determining Resistance of Plastics to Bacteria.
    • OECD test 301B: [C02 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test)]

Contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste

Daniels Training Services, Inc.

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

Why does this matter?  Because preexisting regulations applicable solely to hazardous waste landfills prohibited the disposal of a hazardous waste containing free liquids.  However, the same regulations allow for the treatment of hazardous waste prior to landfill disposal to remove free-standing liquid with a nonbiodegradable sorbent.  After the Generator Improvements Rule, this same restriction now applies to both large quantity generators (LQG) and small quantity generators (SQG) of hazardous waste.

If you’re interested in this article you may also be interested in how the USEPA’s Generator Improvements Rule changed the regulations for placement of bulk or noncontainerized liquid hazardous waste in landfill.

FAQ: What are the nonbiodegradable sorbents required to treat free liquids prior to landfill disposal?

OK. Not really a ‘Frequently Asked Question’, but I asked it. The answer is found in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regulations at 40 CFR 264.314(d)(1) for permitted Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDF) and §265.314(e)(1) for interim status TSDFs.  If you’re curious about the difference between a permitted TSDF and an interim status TSDF (and you needn’t be), you can read about it here:  What’s the difference between a permitted TSDF (40 CFR Part 264) and an interim status TSDF (40 CFR Part 265).

A sorbent used to treat – i.e., remove – free liquids from a waste prior to disposal in a hazardous waste landfill must be nonbiodegradable.  Nonbiodegradable sorbents are one of the following:

  • Able to pass one of the tests specified by USEPA.
  • Determined by USEPA to be nonbiodegradable through the part 260 petition process.

Or…

  • One of the materials listed or described by USEPA at either §264.314(d)(1) or §265.314(e)(1) and any mixtures of these materials:
    • Inorganic minerals
    • Other inorganic materials
    • Elemental carbon (e.g.,):
      • Aluminosilicates
      • Clays
      • Smectites
      • Fuller’s earth
      • Bentonite
      • Calcium bentonite
      • Montmorillonite
      • Clacined montmorillonite
      • Kaolinite
      • Micas (illite)
      • Vermiculites
      • Zeolites
      • Calcium carbonate (organic free limestone)
      • Oxides/hydroxides
      • Alumina
      • Lime
      • Silica (sand)
      • Diatomaceous earth
      • Perlite (volcanic glass)
      • Expanded volcanic rock
      • Volcanic ash
      • Cement kiln dust
      • Fly ash
      • Rice hull ash
      • Activated charcoal/activated carbon

Or…

    • High molecular weight synthetic polymers.  This does not include polymers derived from biological material or polymers specifically designed to be degradable.  (e.g.,):
      • Polyethylene
      • High density polyethylene (HDPE)
      • Polypropylene
      • Polystyrene
      • Polyurethane
      • Polyacrylate
      • Polynorborene
      • Polyisobutylene
      • Ground synthetic rubber
      • Cross-linked allylstyrene
      • Tertiary butyl copolymers

Contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste

Daniels Training Services, Inc.

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

Why does this matter?  Because preexisting regulations applicable solely to hazardous waste landfills prohibited the disposal of a hazardous waste containing free liquids.  However, the same regulations allow for the treatment of hazardous waste prior to landfill disposal to remove free-standing liquid with a nonbiodegradable sorbent.  After the Generator Improvements Rule, this same restriction now applies to both large quantity generators (LQG) and small quantity generators (SQG) of hazardous waste.

If you’re interested in this article you may also be interested in how the USEPA’s Generator Improvements Rule changed the regulations for placement of bulk or noncontainerized liquid hazardous waste in landfill.

The Analytical Sample Exemption

The regulations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) mandate a generator of waste manage it from “cradle-to-grave” meaning: from the first moment of its generation to its final disposal.  However, there are times when something might be regarded as a waste but instead is subject to an exclusion or exemption from regulation.  Samples collected for the purpose of a hazardous waste determination are subject to an exemption from regulation at 40 CFR 261.4(d): the analytical sample exemption.

The purpose of this article is to identify and explain the exemption from all RCRA regulations available to a sample submitted to a lab for analysis subject to the Analytical Sample Exemption. (more…)

Recycling Executive Sentenced to 3 Years in Prison for Scheming to Landfill and Re-Sell Potentially Hazardous Waste

The Bullet:

Recycling executive Brian Brundage was sentenced on April 12, 2019 to three years in federal prison for illegally landfilling potentially hazardous electronic waste as part of a scheme to re-sell the materials and avoid paying income taxes.

Who:

  • Brian Brundage 47, of Schererville, IN, formerly owned Intercon Solutions Inc. and was the owner of EnviroGreen Processing LLC at the time of his arrest, plea, and sentencing.
  • The sentence was announced by:
    • John C. Kocoras, First Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois.
    • Jennifer Lynn, Special Agent-in-Charge of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Criminal Investigation Division.
    • Gabriel L. Grchan, Special Agent-in-Charge of the Chicago office of the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division.
    • James M. Gibbons, Special Agent-in-Charge of the Chicago office of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s Homeland Security Investigations.
    • Jeffrey Ryan, Special Agent-in-Charge of the U.S. General Services Administration’s Office of Inspector General, Great Lakes Regional Investigations Office.
  • The Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department provided valuable assistance in the investigation.
  • The government was represented by Assistant U.S. Attorneys Sean J.B. Franzblau and Kelly Greening of the Northern District of Illinois, and Special Assistant U.S. Attorney Crissy Pellegrin of the EPA.

Google Page for Intercon SolutionsWhat:

  • Intercon Solutions Inc. and EnviroGreen Processing LLC, purported to recycle electronic waste on behalf of corporate and governmental clients.
  • The companies represented to their clients that the materials would be disassembled and recycled in an environmentally sound manner. In reality thousands of tons of e-waste (including lead-containing cathode ray tubes or CRTs) and other potentially hazardous materials were landfilled, stockpiled, or re-sold at a profit to companies who shipped the materials overseas.
  • Mr. Brundage admitted in a plea agreement that he caused employees of Intercon and EnviroGreen to sell some of the e-waste and other materials to vendors who he knew would ship the materials overseas. At one point in 2011, Intercon was publicly accused of shipping potentially hazardous materials to Hong Kong.  In response, Mr. Brundage began a fraudulent effort to publicly deny and conceal Intercon’s involvement in the shipment, the indictment states.  Mr. Brundage destroyed business records related to the shipment and made efforts to conceal other overseas shipments of large quantities of e-waste, according to the indictment.  The fraud scheme continued for another five years, the indictment states.
  • Mr. Brundage pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud and one count of tax evasion.
  • U.S. District Judge Joan Humphrey Lefkow imposed a three-year prison sentence and ordered Brundage to pay more than $1.2 million in restitution to his victims.

Where:

Improper management of CRTs

This photo does not represent the subject of this article but it does show how CRTs can be managed improperly.

  • Intercon Solutions Inc. was based in Chicago Heights, IL.
  • EnviroGreen Processing LLC is based in Gary, IN.

When:

  • Fraudulent recycling activities took place from 2005 to 2016.
  • Mr. Brundage was arrested on December 19, 2016.
  • Mr. Brundage pleaded guilty September 18, 2018 to one count of wire fraud and one count of tax evasion.
  • Published in the EPA bulletin: Mar—Apr 2019

How:

  • The case was investigated by EPA’s Criminal Investigation Division, IRS, ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations, and GSA’s Office of Inspector General, with assistance from the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department.
  • The case was prosecuted by a DOJ litigation team.

Why:

  • Mr. Brundage evaded $743,984 in federal taxes by concealing the income he earned from re-selling the e-waste and from paying himself funds that he falsely recorded as Intercon business expenses.
  • Mr. Brundage spent the purported expenses for his own personal benefit, including wages for a nanny and housekeeper, jewelry purchases, and payments to a casino in Hammond, IN.
  • “Improper management of cathode ray tubes can pose risk to human health and the environment, as they contain significant quantities of lead,” said Special Agent-in-Charge Lynn.
  • “This case demonstrates that EPA and our law enforcement partners are committed to protecting the environment and ensuring that companies follow the law.”
  • “The GSA Office of Inspector General will aggressively pursue contractors who make false representations in order to obtain federal business,” said Special Agent-in-Charge Ryan.
  • “This sentence should serve as a reminder that HSI will continue to work with its federal, state and local partners to pursue offenders who endanger others by engaging in fraud and deceit,” said Special Agent-in-Charge Gibbons.

Conclusion:

A generator of electronic waste is relieved to learn of a facility that will not only take their waste but will manage it in such a way through recycling and reuse that it is excluded or exempt from most of the “cradle-to-grave” regulations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).  However, it is the generator who must be wary of unscrupulous businesses who will not manage the waste properly.  The e-waste recycling industry – like any other – has its share of shady characters.  Make sure you perform an audit of any facility that manages your waste – even waste that is recycled – to ensure it is being managed properly.

Contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, identification, management, and disposal of hazardous waste

Daniels Training Services, Inc.

815.821.1550

Info@DanielsTraining.com

https://www.danielstraining.com/

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